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- WORLD, Page 39REFUGEESA Modern Balkan Exodus
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- Bulgaria calls them Slavs, but ethnic Turks prefer to flee
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- Slowly the train of boxcars rolls to a halt at Kapikule,
- where Bulgaria becomes Turkey, and a flood of humanity spills
- out. Many kneel to kiss the ground. Others weep as they unload
- furniture, suitcases and sacks stuffed with possessions and pile
- them on the station platform. Military marches and battle cries
- of the Ottoman Empire blare from loudspeakers. A man shakes his
- fist at the distant Bulgarian hills and shouts, "Long live
- Turkey! This is the happiest day of my life!"
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- But there is little happiness in Kapikule as ethnic Turks
- continue to flee from a draconian assimilation campaign waged
- against them by the Bulgarian Communist regime to a homeland
- that is hard-pressed to give them asylum. Refugees tell of five
- grim years of escalating pressure -- their schools closed,
- their language outlawed, their music silenced and their names
- changed for Slavic ones. Worst of all, in their view, Muslim
- worship was banned, a repression extending literally from the
- cradle to the grave: circumcision was forbidden, and Turkish
- burial grounds closed.
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- The Bulgarian government claims that the country's 1
- million ethnic Turks -- one-ninth of the total population --
- are descendants of Slavs converted to Islam under the Ottomans,
- who ruled from the late 14th century to the late 19th century,
- and it wants them to revert to their origins. But the Turkish
- minority regards itself as a remnant of the Ottoman Empire. "Our
- ancestors settled in Bulgaria when it was the empire's Balkan
- province," explains Huseyin Hafizoglu, 60, a schoolteacher whose
- home was near Plovdiv. "My family has been there for more than
- a century. But our country is still Turkey."
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- Alarmed by the rise of Islamic fundamentalism, Bulgaria
- launched its toughest drive ever to assimilate the Turks in
- late 1984, when it tried to force them to adopt Bulgarian
- customs. Last May violent protests erupted throughout the
- country; 60 Turks were killed and 200 others injured in clashes
- with Bulgarian security forces.
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- Now the regime has switched tactics. Reversing years of
- heavy restriction on citizens' travel, the authorities in Sofia
- agreed to issue passports and exit visas to ethnic Turks with
- the aim of limiting further clashes by reducing the size of the
- Turkish minority, and the mass exodus began. By last week
- 238,000 had crossed the border. Officials in Ankara believe the
- total could reach 300,000.
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- Once over the border, the destitute refugees are met by
- members of a government task force and assigned to sprawling
- tent cities to begin the painful process of resettlement. With
- unemployment in Turkey over 15%, the hardest task is finding
- them jobs. Even after inducing firms to give the uprooted Turks
- priority, the government has succeeded in providing employment
- for fewer than 50,000.
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- With the cost of the relief operation mounting, Ankara has
- been pressing Bulgaria to allow ethnic Turks to dispose of
- their property before departing and to take their liquid assets
- with them. So far, the departing Turks have had to leave their
- homes and most of their belongings behind. According to their
- new Bulgarian passports, they are merely going on vacation. Not
- so, says Miemin Durmusev, whom the Bulgarians renamed Ana
- Ivanovna Dimitrova. "We're never going back."
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